![]() ![]() In a fulling mill, cloth was beaten with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers. Early machines Ī fulling mill from Georg Andreas Böckler's Theatrum Machinarum Novum, 1661Īn early example of washing by machine is the practice of fulling. Nearly five billion of the world's population of seven billion as of 2010 still hand-wash their clothes. #WASHING MACHINE FIELDLINES PLUS#The entire process often occupied an entire day of hard work, plus drying and ironing. After rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. First, soap would be rinsed out with clear water. Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was a separate process. ![]() That made the warm soapy water precious it would be reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, then to wash progressively dirtier laundry. Water for the laundry would be hand carried, heated on a fire for washing, then poured into the tub. Before indoor plumbing, individuals also had to carry all the water used for washing, boiling, and rinsing the laundry from a pump, well, or spring. Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles. The next step is already planned: Fraunhofer scientists are currently working on a two-dimensional camera that can take magnetic color pictures of a 40 x 40 mm2 surface - and at a speed of over 100 images per second.Irreler Bauerntradition shows an early Miele washing machine at the Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum. For simple applications, the camera can be connected through a USB interface to a PC. At the conclusion of the measurement process, the system assigns the various magnetic shapes to the measurement results and calculates in the error tolerances. The real-time aspect is also important, as the shape of the magnet as well as the magnetisation direction influences the measurement values and must be taken into account during calibration of the system. This speed allows the magnetic camera to be built into production facilities and test magnets on a running conveyor belt. The measuring procedure itself takes place in just a millisecond, so the camera provides 1000 images per second. This permits point measurements and thus very high measurement accuracy. The actual 3D sensor measures no more than 0.1 x 0.1 mm 2 in size. The field lines thus become visible along the line over a distance of eight centimeters and can be monitored and recorded. ![]() Using the magnetic line camera, it is possible to measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field at 32 positions spaced 2.5 mm apart. These kinds of sensors can solve a range of measurement problems, such as rotation angle sensors, separation and positional sensors, and rpm sensors for instance." The heart of the device is a 3D Hall-effect sensor named HallinOne® invented at his Institute: "It enables a sensor chip to detect in all three axes any magnetic field present. "Imagine the device not as a camera, but more as a flat plate with a row of magnetic field sensors," explains Project Manager Klaus-Dieter Taschka from IIS. The magnets are simply tested on the conveyor belt. It has become possible for the first time to integrate this kind of magnetic testing into industrial processes. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Erlangen, Germany, have developed a line camera that can measure magnetic fields in real time and thus quickly detect defective magnets. ![]() Quality assurance during fabrication has been expensive and time-consuming until now. It is therefore important that magnets operate reliably. If a mechanical movement is transformed into a rotation, the magnetic sensor detects this and passes the information to systems downstream - to the headlight sensors, for instance. These sensors make sure washing machines run concentrically, that headlights automatically adjust to the correct angle if a car is heavily loaded, or that we are warned if a seatbelt is not fastened right. We encounter magnetic field sensors everywhere today - but few of us know it. ![]()
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